gnxb ixqv`
evOjv KweZv Ges `„óvš—ev`
cÖ_g ce© : A¯ú„k¨-A`„k¨ AZxw›`ªq Dcv`vb
KweZv cÖjvc bq, hw`I cÖjvc Avi KweZv Awfbœ A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q| GwU A¯úó-AÜKvi wKQy bq, †KD-†KD ZvB—`vwe K‡ib, e‡jb : GwU ivnwm¨K-H›`ªRvwjK| KweZv memgq `xwßgq, Gi aªye †Kv‡bv msÁv GLv‡b nvwRi KiwQ bv; KviY, msÁvwqZ Kiv gv‡b MwÊe× Kiv| KweZv‡K me©E‡aŸ© fvwe| hyMµ‡g A‡b‡KB Gi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| †hMy‡jvi wKQy m¤¢ve¨fv‡e †hŠw³K Avevi A‡bKMy‡jv c‡o msÁvKvix‡K cÖKvÊ M`©f g‡b n‡q‡Q| KweZv Ggb, hv Abvqv‡m A‡b‡KB †gŠwjK-A‡_© ey‡S I‡Vb bv; A_©vr G‡Z Kwei AwfcÖvq ú~Y©A‡_© †evSv `~in, AvcvZ`„wó‡Z| KweZv—†gav-gb-gb‡bi, ˆkwíK-fvwlK DrmviY| DrK…óZg k‡ãi cÖK…óZg web¨vm eÕ‡j, GKwU KweZvi DcRxe¨ welq, g~j aviYv, M~p A_©— wZb-PZz_©vsk Avwe®‹vi Kiv GKRb weP¶‡Yi c‡¶ m¤¢e, evwKUv cÖvq ¶vwbKUv Aùzó †_‡K †h‡Z cv‡i| gv‡b G-bq, GwU inm¨gq; Gi A¯úó-AskI D`&NvUb‡hvM¨| GKwU KweZvi, cÖ_g cv‡V †h †eva cvB, ciewZ©‡Z wfbœ †ev‡ai D×vi N‡U; A_©vr, Gi ¯^i~c Awbw`©ó| Avevi, G‡KKRb GKB mv‡_ GKB KweZvq G‡KK †eva/e¨vL¨v cvq| GKwU KweZv GKv_©en bq mevi Kv‡Q; KviY, KweZv _v‡K cvV‡Ki †ev‡a/g‡b| wKš—y Ôinm¨gqÕ welq D™¢ve‡bi m¤¢vebv ¶xY, †ewkfv‡Mi Kv‡QB Zv GKv_©K| KweZvq Ae¨vL¨vZ Bw½Z _vKvq nq‡Zv GgbUv| e¨vL¨v M‡`¨i `vwe, GLv‡bB KweZvi mv‡_ Gi Zdvr| msÁvi wfbœZv‡K cuywR K‡i KweZv‡K inm¨gq evbv‡bvi †Kv‡bv †hŠw³KZv †bB; Avevi, msÁvwqZ Kivi eva¨evaKZvI †`LwQ bv|
†XD (Aóg msL¨v, ˆekvL 1416/†g 2009)-G meyR ZvcmÕi gva¨‡g Ô`„óvš—ev`Õ (`„l&Uvb&‡Zvev` : DRISHTANTOISM) `„wóMªvn¨ n‡jv| KvMRwU‡Z, G-wel‡q Av‡Q GKwU ce©/Aa¨vq; Av‡iKwU c‡e©i AvUAvbv Ask gnxb ixqv` m¤úvw`Z k•Levm (cÖ_g el©| cÖ_g msL¨v; kªveY 1416/AMv÷ 2009)-G i‡q‡Q| G-wel‡q wZwb G-ch©š— cÖviw¤¢K aviYv w`‡q‡Qb, `„óvš—ev`x KweZvi ¯^i~c ¯úó Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i‡Qb| G-M‡`¨— `„óvš—ev`x (Drishtantoistic) `„wó‡KvY †_‡K— evOjv KweZv, A¯ú„k¨-A`„k¨ AZxw›`ªq Dcv`v‡bi e¨env‡i Ges inm¨xKiYcÖeYZvi Avwa‡K¨i My‡Y Kxfv‡e nvwi‡q‡Q ¯^”QZv, n‡q‡Q wkík~b¨, Amvi Ges D`vniY nÕ‡q D‡V‡Q AcKweZv (A‡b‡Ki †ev‡a nq‡Zv KweZv)— Zvi e¨vL¨v nvwRi Ki‡Z †Póv Ki‡ev|
ARmª KweZv †jLvi G-†`‡k KweZv †jLvi e¨_© †Póv KiwQ, `wÊZ nw”Q, Aciva KiwQ cÖwZwbqZ, KvZi nw”Q Aciva‡ev‡a| evOjv KweZvi Ggb-Ae¯’v, hv‡`i KweZv bv wj‡L gvQ Pvl Kiv †kªq wQ‡jv ZvivI KweZv iP‡Z G‡m‡Qb| †KD-†KD fve‡Qb Zv‡`i †Kvb MyY bv _vK‡jI Av‡Q KweZv †jLvi (Ava¨vwZ¥K) MyY; Avwg fvwe, KweZv m„wó Ki‡Z cviv— MyY bq, †eva-gbb| GLv‡b, mwµq KweZvKwg©msL¨v mnmªvwaK A_P weky× Kwe nv‡Z‡Mvbv| e¨vcviUv grmwW¤^ cÖK…wZ— †h‡bv, GKkRb †_‡K wbivbeŸBRb S‡i bv †M‡j GKRb cÖK…Z Kwe ˆZwi nÕ‡q I‡V bv, GKRb Kwei R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRb co‡Q mnmªvwaK KweZvKwg©i| evOjv KweZv wcwQ‡q covi DrK…ó KviY GwU|
`„óvš—ev` m¤ú‡K© meyR Zvcm e‡j‡Qb, G-`k©b ÒA¯ú„k¨-A`„k¨ wel‡qi bq, ev¯—e wel‡qi AeZviYv K‡i gywÝqvbv †`Lv‡bvi c¶cvZx|[1]Ó Ges Ck¦iÕi g‡Zvb A¯ú„k¨-A`„k¨ AZxw›`ªq mËv m¤ú‡K©, ÒÔCk¦i Av‡QbÕ Ges ÔCk¦i †bBÕ— G-`yB cÖZ¨‡qi †Kvb&wU ev¯—e mZ¨ Zv wPiKvjB Awbw`©ó _vK‡e; kyay GB wb‡q ciag©PP©vq †KD-†KD Avw¯—K n‡e, †KD-†KD bvw¯—K| `„óvš—ev` Avw¯—K¨ev`x bq, Avevi bvw¯—K¨ev`x `k©bI bq|[1]Ó| G-`y‡Uv e³e¨ mvg‡b †i‡LB g~jZ Avgvi AwfhvÎv| evOjv KweZvq wekvj-As‡k Xy‡K †M‡Q wek¦vm (Belief); hv Aev¯—e, m‡›`nvZ¥K, Abygvbjä| ÒAbygvb (Inference) cÖgvY bqÓ, AbygvbvwkªZ kãI ZvB h_v_© (Source of knowledge) nÕ‡Z cv‡i bv| hv mw›`», A`„k¨gvb-`„óvš—nxb Zv wek¦vm Ki‡Z nq, wRB‡q ivL‡Z nq; hv Amw›`», cÖvgvY¨ Zvi c‡¶ wek¦v‡mi cÖkœ Aevš—i, Zv ev¯—e [hv Bw›`ªq gvid‡Z †hŠw³Kfv‡e Abyave¨, cÖZ¨¶ (Perceptible)| wKš—y, Bw›`ª‡qi Abyave‡bi IciB mewKQy mxgve×? —Avwg †h‡nZz, A‡jŠwKKZv I cÖ_vMZ AÜwek¦vmiwnZ weÁv‡bi DrKl© gvwb ZvB Avgvi Kv‡Q hv wKQyi Aw¯—Z¡ †hŠw³Kfv‡e Bw›`ªqMªvn¨ Zv ev¯—e (Real/Material)| fwel¨‡Z AB DrK‡l©i dj (hyw³hy³-cÖgvwYZ) hv `uvov‡e, Avg‡j †be|]| Avgvi Kv‡Q GL‡bv †KD Rvb‡Z Pvb wb, ÔMiyÕ wek¦vm Kwi wKbv, Rvb‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Ôf~ZÕ wKsev ÔCk¦iÕ A_ev ÔCk¦‡iÕ wek¦vm Kwi wKbv| Miy, wek¦vm¨ welq bq, `„k¨gvb-`„óvš—hy³, ¯^-Aw¯—Z¡ cÖKv‡k A‡b¨i cÖ‡qvRb `vwe K‡i bv| Miy wb‡q iPbv †jLv †h‡Z cv‡i Z‡e G-wb‡q ag©xq wKZve Qvcv‡bv A‡hŠw³K| Miy `„óvš—ev`-mgw_©Z| (whwb ev) hv wKQy `„óvš—k~b¨-Aw¯—Z¡k~b¨ Zv `„óvš—ev`-G AcÖvmw½K[1] (Irrelevant)| Dc‡i, ÔCk¦iÕi `„óvš—ev`x e¨vL¨v Zvcm hv w`‡q‡Qb, Zv‡Z G‡K (Ck¦i‡K) `„óvš—ev`-G Acªvmw½K[1] ejwQ| evOjv fvlvq Ôwek¦vmÕ e¨vL¨vZ—AwbðqZv A‡_©; A_P, KwZcq Kz-gZjweiv ¯^mv‡_© m¤ú~Y© D‡ëv e¨vL¨v cÖPvi K‡i cÖZvwiZ Ki‡Qb A‡bK‡KB| e¨vcviUv Mvavi mvg‡b g~‡jv aivi g‡Zv| evOjv KweZvq Kweiv (wbivbeŸB fvM Kweqvj) wbR cwievi †_‡K AefvwmZ cÖ_vMZ wek¦vm, Aca¨vbaviYv XywK‡q‡Qb Ges Xy‡Kv‡”Qb Ô†hgb Lywk †Zgb †jLÕ c×wZ‡Z| Zv K‡ZvUv hyw³-wfwËnxb AcÖ‡qvRbxq— ciL K‡ib wb, nq‡Zv Zviv A¶g wQ‡jb| Giv †gŠwjKZ¡k~b¨ †kvPbxqi~‡c, G‡`i g~j nvwZqvi hyw³iwnZ Av‡eM (Illogical Emotions)| G m¯—v Av‡eM †d‡j w`‡j evOjv KweZvi nvRvieQ‡ii gnvcÖvPxi †f‡O co‡e| wek¦vmvwkªZ Kve¨KvVv‡gv kw³kvjx nÕ‡Z cv‡i bv, IMy‡jv ågc~Y©; G-RvZxq wek¦vmv‡eMvµvš— KweZv `„óvš—ev`x `„wó‡Z AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ges `yó, cÖK…ó wkíKjvi D`vniY nÕ‡Z cv‡i bv| GLvbKvi AwaKvsk cvVK KweZvq wkíKjv Dc‡fv‡Mi bv‡g †fvM K‡ib cÖ_vMZ bó-Av‡eM| Kwe‡`i mv¤cÖÖ`vwqK gvbwmKZvi d‡jB G-`kv| Amv¤cÖ`vwqK gvbwmKZv h‡Zvw`b ˆZwi bv n‡e, Z‡Zvw`b evOjv KweZv AÜKv‡i fÕ‡i _vK‡e| `„óvš—ev`—wek¦vm bq, `„óv‡š—i Ici wbwg©Z Kve¨`k©b (Poetry based philosophy/PBP)| G-g‡Z : KweZvq h‡ZvUzKy wek¦vm, A¯ú„k¨-A`„k¨ AZxw›`ªq Dcv`vb, hyw³iwnZ Av‡eM Ges Ac-cO&w³/fve /†eva/D‡Ïk¨i .. wgkªY, Z‡ZvUzKz AcKweZvZ¡[1]| G-AcKweZvs‡ki R‡b¨ evwKUzKz `„óvš—ev`-mgw_©Z nIqv m‡Ë¡I me©v½xbfv‡e AcKweZvi D`vniY nÕ‡q `uvovq|
ÒmeKÕwU MvQ MÕ‡j †M‡Q †gvgevwZi g‡Zv|Ó
cO&w³wU `„óvš—ev` mg_©b K‡i, G‡Z wek¦wmZ wKQy †bB| GLv‡b ÔMvQÕ Ges Ô†gvgevwZÕ bvg (Noun) Ges ÒMÕ‡j hvIqvÓ wµqv (Verb) wPΗ`„k¨gvb (Visible), Ges cO&w³wUi m¤¢vebv (Probability) we`¨gvb| e¨eüZ kãMy‡jv `„óvš—hy³, Z¡wMw›`ªqMÖvn¨-Abyfe‡hvM¨| Kwei Hw›`ªqK Kíbvq MvQ—†gvgevwZi g‡Zv MÕ‡j †h‡Z cv‡i, †h‡nZz Kíbv (Imagination) mxgve× bq| ÔMvQÕ Ges Ô†gvgevwZÕ— G-`y‡Uv `„k¨gvb e¯—y‡K Av‡iKwU `„k¨gvb wµqv ÒMÕ‡j hvIqvÓ-Gi ms¯ú‡k© G‡b Kwe G-†hŠw³K cO&w³wU (Logical Verse/LV) Kíbv Ki‡ZB cv‡ib| A_©vr GLv‡b, `„k¨gvb e¯—yi ms¯ú‡k© †hŠw³K `„k¨gvb cwiw¯’wZ (Logical Visible Situation/LVS) m„wó n‡q‡Q| hv wKQy ev¯—e-`„k¨gvb-Abyave¨-cÖgvwYZ Zv †hŠw³Kv_©c~Y© Ges G-RvZxq kãmn‡hv‡M wbwg©Z Zvrch©c~Y© cO&w³/evK¨ `„óvš—ev`-mgw_©Z[2]|
Òevev wQ‡jb A‡bKUv Avjvi g‡Zv, Zvi †R¨vwZ †`L‡j Avgiv †mR`v w`ZvgÓ
cO&w³wU `yó| ÒAvgv‡`i gvÓ (Kvd‡b †gvov AkÖ“we›`y ; 1998) KweZvq ûgvqyb AvRv`, evevÕi mv‡_ (gv-mš—vb‡`i) GKai‡bi `~inm¤úK©vPiY ˆZwi‡Z ÔAvjvÕ kãwU ewm‡q‡Qb| GwU †K‡bv ågc~Y© (`„óvš—ev`x `„wó‡Z), Av‡MB wj‡LwQ| G-ai‡bi AZxw›`ªq mËvi AwZ cÖ‡qvM j¶ Kwi Zvi †c‡iv‡bvi wKQy †bB (2004) Kv‡e¨| cO&w³wU ¯^we‡ivwaZvc~Y© (cÖ_vMZ) Ges `„óvš—ev`-Amgw_©Z|
ÒKve¨kw³ gnvkw³, weavZvi `vb,
bi‡jv‡K wZwb ab¨, whwb Zvnv cvb|
...
Kve¨ eª²v, Kve¨ weòz, Kve¨ g‡nk¦i;
Kve¨ Avjvn, imyjyjvn, Kve¨B Ck¦i|Ó
(wbg©‡j›`y MyY| Kve¨K_v| c‡_ c‡_ cv_i ; 2007)
MyYÕi aviYv Kve¨ Ggb GK kw³ hv Aevš—i weavZvi KvQ †_‡K wZwb †c‡q‡Qb, †c‡q ab¨ n‡q‡Qb Avi Kve¨‡K wgwj‡q‡Qb eª²v-weòz-Avjvn-Ck¦i Gi g‡Zv Aw¯—Z¡nxb (ÔA`„k¨Õ A‡_©) wel‡qi mv‡_| Zvi A‡bK KweZv wn›`y mv¤cÖ`vwqK gvbwmKZv AvwkªZ| MyYÕi cÖavb MyYB GUv; Av‡iKUv n‡jv †Zvlv‡gv` Kiv| Gme KweZv `„óvš—ev`-Amgw_©Z, wewfbœ A_©nxb k‡ãi Kvi‡YB| G-n‡”Q Avgv‡`i eZ©gvb (AZ¨vaywbK) Kwe‡`i ¯^i~c| Zviv GL‡bv †PZ‡b-A‡PZ‡b Av‡jŠwKKZv, ågm¼zjZv, mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv jvjb Ki‡Qb| G-R‡b¨B nq‡Zv, ˆmq` kvgmyj nK-†KI ÔAvZ¥vÕi g‡Zv Av‡hŠw³K-Aevš—i aviYv wb‡q KweZv Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| G-K‡i Zviv KweZv‡K gyw³ w`‡”Qb K‡ZvUzKz?
ÒK‡Zv `~‡i †eov‡Z †Mjyg, Avi GKUy `~‡iB wQ‡jv ¯^M©Ó
mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq, Ò¯^‡M©i Kv‡QÓ (`uvovI my›`i ; 1382 evOjv)ÑKweZvq A‡bK `~‡i †eov‡Z †eov‡Z ¯^‡M©i KvQvKvwQ wM‡q ¯^M©-wgbvi †`‡L G‡m‡Qb, mgqmíZvi R‡b¨ ¯^M©v‡ivnb Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb! wZwbB †eva nq cÖ_g Rvbv‡jb, ¯^‡M© hvIqv hvq †ijc‡_; A_©vr, ABwU g‡Z©¨ (ejwQ bv— IwU‡K k~‡b¨B nÕ‡Z n‡e, ¯^M©-biK Ime Aevš—i aviYv, KzgZjwe‡`i evbv‡bv; ej‡Z †P‡qwQ cÖPvwiZ aviYvi K_v|), †hLvb †_‡K NªvY †c‡q‡Qb cvwiRv‡Zi| Z‡e GLv‡b, Aevš—i-¯^M©`„k¨Kí ev` w`‡q åvwš— ˆZwi bv Ki‡jI cvi‡Zb| KweZvq GBm‡ei e¨venvivwa‡K¨ †eva nq, Zvi Ck¦i/Ck¦‡i wek¦vm bv _vK‡jI wek¦vm †_‡K †M‡Q cÖ_vMZ KwZcq AZxw›`ªq aviYvq| wb‡R‡K Awek¦vmx `vwe Ki‡jI wZwb, Avgvi aviYv, A‡jŠwKKZv-cvi‡jŠwKKZv Qvwo‡q †h‡Z cv‡ib wb—
ÒcÖwZwU †Uª‡bi m‡½ Avgvi PZz_©fvM AvZ¥v Qy‡U hvq
cÖwZwU AvZ¥vi m‡½ Avgvi wbR¯^ †Uªb Amgq wb‡q
†Ljv K‡i|Ó
(mybxj M‡½vcva¨vq| AvZ¥v| e›`x †R‡M Av‡Qv ; 1375)
Zvi AvZ¥v †Uª‡bi mv‡_ Qy‡UvQywU K‡i, †Ljv K‡i| G-mybxjÕi wek¦vmvwek¦vm, ¯^we‡ivax cÖKv‡ii| AvZ¥vev`x n‡q Ck¦iÕi Aw¯—‡Z¡ mskq cÖKvk K‡i wZwb Kx eySv‡”Qb? `„óvš—ev`, AvZ¥vev`x-mskqev`x—†Kv‡bvwUB bq| G-`k©b AvZ¥vi bq g‡bi Aw¯—‡Z¡ Av¯’vkxj `k©b[3]|
ÒcÖfy, †kv‡bv, GB Aag‡K hw` aivav‡g cvVv‡jB,
Z‡e †Kb nvq Ki‡j bv Zzwg †ZvZvcvwL Avgv‡KB ?Ó
(kvgmyi ivngvb| cªfy‡K| weׯ— bxwjgv ; 1965)
ÔwbR¯^ K_v ejevi MyiyfviÕ †_‡K gyw³ jv‡fi AvKv•¶vq ivngvb, G-Avk¦vw`‡cÖiYcO&w³ wj‡L‡Qb ÔcÖfyÕ bvgK A¯ú„k¨-A`„k¨ mËvi Kv‡Q— †K‡bv Zv‡K †ZvZvcvwL K‡i aivav‡g cvVv‡bv nq wb? †h‡bv Zv‡K aivav‡g †Kv‡bv A‡jŠwKKZv †_‡K cvVv‡bv n‡q‡Q, Ae`vb AB KvíwbK mËvi, Z‡e cÖfy Zv‡K †ZvZvcvwL (K_v ej‡Z A¶g) K‡i cvVv‡j K_v ejvi Myp`vwqZ¡vfvi †_‡K †eu‡P †h‡Zb| wZwb nq‡Zv G-e¨vcv‡i fxZmš¿¯—| cÖ_g cO&w³wU ågvZ¥K, d‡j KweZvwUI| wZwb GLv‡b, cÖ_vMZ wek¦vm i‡P‡Qb|
wek¦vm GKmgq MÕ‡j hvq, bó nq gvs‡mi g‡Zv| Awek¦vm (Unbelief) wPÎi~cgq, †f‡O c‡o bv, bk¦i| wek¦vmMÖ¯— KweZv, KweZv bq| `„óvš—ev`x KweZv— kã (Word) evK¨ (Sentence) cO&w³ (Verse) `„k¨/wPÎKí (Visible Object) fve (Condition) Kíbv (Imagination) D‡Ïk¨ (Goal) ..-Gi †hŠw³Ki~c[2]| †hŠw³KZv †Zvqv°v bv K‡i wek¦v‡mi Avkª‡q evOjv mvwn‡Z¨ †h-KweZv ˆZwi n‡q‡Q/n‡”Q/n‡e, Zv `„óvš—ev`x †¯‹‡j MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| Kv‡ji ci Kvj GLvbKvi Kweiv wek¦vmvkªqx KweZvB PP©v K‡i‡Qb| evOjv KweZvq wek¦vmwewKi‡Yi KvR K‡i‡Qb A‡b‡K— evj¥xKx, eo– PÛx`vm, kvn gyn¤§` mMxi, gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë, †Mvjvg †gv¯—dv, KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg, diiyL Avng` (..)| †ewk K‡i‡Qb iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi| wZwb KweZv‡K me‡P‡q †ewk †auvqv‡U-H›`ªRvwjK K‡i‡Qb— G-K‡i ¶wZ K‡i‡Qb A‡bKLvwb| `„óvš—ev`x `„wó‡Z, B‡Zvc~‡e©i A‡bK kw³m¤ú`kvjx Kwe KweZv‡K mg„× Kivi cvkvcvwk ¶wZ mvabI K‡i‡Qb| iex›`ªbv_, evOjv KweZv½b †hgb Ki‡Qb F×, †Zgwb K‡i‡Qb AÜKviv”Qbœ| Zvi Amvgvb¨ KweZvi cvkvcvwk mvgvb¨ KweZvI Av‡Q| wj‡L‡Qb, A‡hŠw³K A`„k¨ AcfveenbKvwi cO&w³ (Illogical Invisible Badconditioned Verse/IIBV), Gi d‡j nvwZ‡q‡Qb †bv‡ej| Z‡e, AwaKvsk KweZvq Aev¯—e `„k¨K‡íi cÖvPzh© _vK‡jI Zvi †bv‡ej mb`-†g‡Wj `„k¨gvb-ev¯—e, `„óvš—ev`-mgw_©Z; AcKweZvMy‡jv bq| KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg, evOjv fvlvi cÖavb weåvš— Kzms¯‹vi`xß †jLK, cÖ_vMZ wPÎKívkª‡q ag©xq D‡Ï‡k¨ cO&w³i ci cO&w³ Kg wj‡Lb wb| A‡bKUv Rw½ gvbwmKZv wb‡q KweZv‡K KK©k-eviy`gq K‡i R`©vi‡KvUv evwb‡q c‡_-Nv‡U-gv‡V bvgv‡bvi KvR K‡i‡Qb wZwb (Zvi KweZv †¯vMvbag©x; ABiKg bv n‡jB fv‡jv| GwU wgwQ‡ji A¯¿ bq, ag©xq cyw_I bq| KweZvi welq nÕ‡Z cv‡i me—gvbwQ, Z‡e ÔmeÕ wb‡q ÔKweZvÕ Kivi Kx `iKvi?)| myKvš—I Kg K‡ib wb| bRiyj n‡jb gymjgvb‡`i iex›`ªbv_, evOvwj-gymjgv‡bi Ici †P‡c Av‡Qb †evSvi g‡Zv| wj‡L‡Qb—
# ÒAvjvn Avgvi cÖfy, Avgvi bvwn bvwn fq/ Avgvi bex †gvnv¤§`, huvnvi Zvwid RMrgq|Ó
# ÒbvgvR co, †ivRv iv‡Lv, Kjgv co fvB|/ †Zvi Av‡L‡ii KvR K‡i †b, mgq †h Avi bvBÓ
# ÒgmwR‡`iB cv‡k Avgvi Kei w`I fvB,/ †hb †Mv‡i †_‡KI †gvqvw¾‡bi AvRvb kyb‡Z cvBÓ
GLv‡b bRiyj we‡`ªvnx bb, GKRb BmjvgvÜ| AviI wj‡L‡Qb—
# ÒKvjx Kvjx gš¿ Rwc e‡m †jv‡Ki †Nvi k¥kv‡bÓ
# Ò†Zvi ivOv cv‡q †b gv k¨vgv Avgvi cÖ_g c~Rvi dzjÓ
# Òej& †i Rev ej&!/ †Kvb& mvabvq †cwj k¨vgv gv‡qi PiYZjÓ
GLv‡b wZwb BmjvgvÜ bb, Kvjxf³| Avwg weåvš— nB : GKBmv‡_ GKRb BmjvgvÜ n‡q nvg`-bvZ i‡Pb, Avevi Kxfv‡e Kvjx-Kvjx gš¿ R‡cb! †jv‡Ki aviYv : wZwb `yÕ‡Uvi wgjb NwU‡q‡Qb; wZwb mvg¨ev`x? AB MvbMy‡jv RbwcÖqZv †c‡qwQ‡jv ZLb, A_© G‡b w`‡qwQ‡jv; G-R‡b¨B nq‡Zv m‡PZb wQ‡jb bv wZwb, bó K‡i‡Qb cªwZfv, nÕ‡q D‡V‡Qb cuyw_mvwnwZ¨K| cÖwZwµqvkxj we‡kl GK m¤cª`vq/ag©xq‡MvôxI Zv‡K bó K‡i‡Q A‡bK| Kx wek¦vmx/Abymvix wQ‡jb wZwb, †evSv hvq bv| cO&w³My‡jv nq‡Zv Am‡PZbZv, g~L©ZviB dmj— wZwb weky× gbbkxj wQ‡jb bv, ZvB wjL‡Z †c‡i‡Qb—
Òbvix bvwn n‡Z Pvq kyay GKv Kv‡iv,/ Giv †`ex, Giv †jvfx, hZ c~Rv cvq Giv Pvq ZZ Av‡iv|/ Bnv‡`i AwZ‡jvfx gb/ GKR‡b Z…ß bq, GK †c‡q myLx bq,/ hv‡P eny Rb|Ó
(KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg| c~RvwiYx| †`vjb-Puvcv ; 1923)
cO&w³My‡jv cyiylZ‡š¿i c¶cvwZ, bvix‡`i wec¶cvwZ| nq‡Zv evwn¨K mw`”Qvm‡Ë¡I, wZwb wQ‡jb cyiylZ‡š¿i cÖwZwbwa| wZwb bvix‡`i m¤ú‡K© m¤ú~Y© nvm¨Ki aviYv jvjb Ki‡Zb, †evSv hv‡”Q| mg¯— bvix‡`i, fqsKi `vbex i~‡c †`wL‡q‡Qb †h‡bv Giv wnsmª †Kv‡bv ¶yavZ© cÖvYx| A_P, wb‡RB KweZvi cvkvcvwk `~wlZ K‡i‡Qb evOjvi wewfbœv‡ji bvix‡`i| m¤ú~Y© AcA_©enbK…Z Aweky× cO&w³My‡jvi D‡Ïk¨ wfwËnxb, m¯—v Av‡e‡Mi cÖvqvm| cÖK„Z gbbkxj Kwe KL‡bv GBai‡bi cO&w³ iPbvq cªjyä nb bv| Acwk¶v Ges ag©xq-cÖwZwµqvkxjZvi Kvi‡Y, ev‡RcO&w³ iP‡Z DrmvwnZ wQ‡jb wZwb| Kwe‡K Aek¨B nÕ‡Z n‡e wkw¶Z-weP¶Y-gbbkxj; Kwe gvRv‡ii Lv‡`g n‡eb †K‡bv? bRiyj, cÖK…Z wkw¶Z wQ‡jb bv, wQ‡jb cÖ_vMZ Acmvs¯‹…wZK wk¶vq wkw¶Z; g~L©Zv—hvi AwaK †kªq! Kwe‡K, cÖ_g fvlv-e¨vKi‡Y wkw¶Z nÕ‡Z nq, †eva Kwi| Zvn‡j iex›`ªbv_-†K Kx ej‡ev? bRiyj, Acwk¶vq wkw¶Z nÕ‡Z n‡Z, KvjxKxZ©b Ki‡Z Ki‡Z, Bmjvg cÖPvi Ki‡Z Ki‡Z GLb ivóªag©x evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Kwe—Bmjvwg RvZxqZvev`x Kwe| Zvi g‡Zv iex›`ªbv_‡KI wek¦Kwei e`‡j Ôwn›`y RvZxqZvev`x KweÕ ejvB †kªq! †h‡nZz, wn›`y ms¯‹…wZi cÖ_vMZ wek¦vm AvZ¥v, mËv, cyw_MZ PwiÎvL¨vb—nvweRvwe Xy‡K †M‡Q (XywK‡q w`‡q‡Qb) Zvi †jLvq| Zvi cO&w³‡K H›`ªRvwjK Ki‡Z cvivi AmvaviY cÖwZfv wQ‡jv| `„óvš—ev`x `„wó‡Z kyay wPËvKl©K/nl©K cO&w³-wPÎK‡íi †bvOi †d‡j cvVKwPË Z…ß Ki‡Z cvi‡jB Zv KweZv nÕ‡q I‡V bv; GBMy‡jvi `„k¨gvb i~c, Kíbvm¤¢e Aw¯—Z¡ _vK‡Z n‡e, KweZvq Dchy³Zv †c‡Z n‡e, nÕ‡Z n‡e Zvrch©c~Y©—`„óvš—hy³[2]| Avmv hvK iex›`ªbv_Õi KweZvq| KweZv‡K wek¦vmhy³ Ges H›`ªRvwjK Kiv Zvi wcÖq welq wQ‡jv, †eva Kwi| wZwb bRiyjÕi g‡Zv ¯’~jfv‡e wKQy cÖKvk K‡ib wb| Zvi wQ‡jv cÖej inm¨xKiYcÖeYZv, hvi gva¨‡g wg‡_¨‡KI AvKl©Yxq kw³kvjx kªywZgayi K‡i Zzj‡Z cvi‡Zb| wZwb inm¨xKi‡Yi GK cÖavb H›`ªRvwjK|
ÒcÖ_g w`‡bi m~h©
cÖkœ K‡iwQj
mËvi b~Zb Avwef©v‡e—
†K Zzwg ?
†g‡j wb DËi|
ermi ermi P‡j †Mj,
w`e‡mi †kl m~h©
†kl cÖkœ D”Pvwij cwðgmvMiZx‡i,
wb¯—ä mܨvq—
†K Zzwg ?
†cj bv DËi|Ó
(iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi| 13 msL¨K| †kl †jLv ; 1941)
KweZvwU H›`ªRvwjK, `„óvš—ev`-Amgw_©Z| ÒcÖ_g w`‡bi m~h©Ó—g‡b n‡”Q, m~‡h©i R‡b¥i Ôcª_g w`‡biÕ K_v e‡j‡Qb—gv‡b, m~‡h©i e‡qm ZLb GK w`b! †h, R‡b¥B cÖkœ K‡i b~Zbvwef©~Z GK ÔmËvÕ-†K— †K Zzwg? —DËi †g‡j wb| †h‡bv, gnvwek¦ ˆZwi wQ‡jv; nVvr GKw`b m~h© bvgK gnvb `vk©wbK R‡b¥, R‡b¥i cª_g w`bB, ÔmËvÕ bvgK Av‡iK `vk©wbK‡K cÖkœ K‡i—| wZwb GLv‡b, m~h©rcwËmsµvš— ˆeÁvwbK aviYvi wec‡¶ †M‡Qb! wj‡L‡Qb, Òw`e‡mi †kl m~h©Ó| A_P w`e‡mi cÖ_g/†kl m~h© e‡j wKQy †bB! ÔmËvÕ kãwUI GLv‡b H›`ªRvwjK| Avgvi aviYv, GLv‡b ÔmËvÕ wZwbB| nq‡Zv, Zvi c„w_ex‡Z Avmvi cÖ_g w`b, Zvi m~h© Zv‡K cÖkœ (m~h© cÖkœ K‡i?) K‡i—Ò†K Zzwg?Ó; †kl w`bI GKB cÖkœ K‡i— wZwb wbiyËi| gv‡S m~h© Av‡iv cÖkœ K‡i e‡jI g‡b n‡”Q; DËi †`b wb †mMy‡jviI| KweZvi g‡Zv wb‡R‡KI K‡i‡Qb ivnwm¨K| GLv‡b, ÔmËvi cÖ_g w`bÕ wjL‡j †kªq n‡Zv; ågm„wó n‡Zv bv, my›`i KweZv nÕ‡q DV‡Zv GwU| AwaKvsk cvVK iwe eveyÕi KweZvq Mfxi Ô`k©bÕ Av‡Q fv‡eb| KweZvq `vk©wbKZv _vK‡Z cv‡i Z‡e GKwU KweZv‡K cÖ_‡g nÕ‡q DV‡Z nq †gvUv `v‡M KweZv Ges Bw›`ªqMy‡jv‡K bvov w`‡Z cvivi m¶gwkí| KweZv, e¨_©Zv-mvdj¨-Kvgbv-evmbv-Avb‡›`vjvm-hš¿Yv—bvbv †hŠw³Kv‡eM cÖKvkgva¨g| iex›`ªbv_Õi †jLvq cvIqv hvq cÖvPxb fviZxq‡`i `vk©wbK wPš—vi Kve¨iƒc, †hLv‡b wbR¯^ †gŠwjK `k©b cÖvq Abycyw¯’Z| GLvbKvi cvVK Zvi †jLv‡K ag©xq wKZv‡ei g‡Zv fv‡eb, Z‡e wZwb bv wjL‡j evOjv mvwn‡Z¨i ¶wZ n‡Zv| wKš—y wZwb weky×Zvi cvkvcvwk i‡P‡Qb Aweky×Zv| Dc‡ii KweZvwU Zvi wbR©xe nevi Av‡M AcÖKvwkZ wQ‡jv e‡j Gi R‡b¨ Zv‡K kvmv‡bv bv †M‡jI wKQy cO&w³i †ejvq Zv cviv hvq—
ÒR¡j R¡j wPZv wØMyY wØMyYÓ
mZx`v‡ni wPZvi AvMy‡b wegy» n‡q ZiyY iwe, GB AccO&w³ i‡P‡Qb, †eva Kwi| G‡Z cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q Zvi AweP¶YZv—hv mZx`v‡ni cÖwZ D¯‹vwbg~jK| GLv‡b wn›`y ms¯‹…wZi g~L©vwgc~Y© †bvsiv wek¦vm RvR¡j¨gvb| GwU `„óvš—ev`-mgw_©Z n‡Zv, wKš—y D‡Ï‡k¨i (Purpose) Kvi‡Y Zv nÕ‡q I‡V wb; A_©vr GLv‡b cÖwZwU kã `„óvš—ev`-mgw_©Z n‡jI Gi D‡Ïk¨ wek¦wmZ| wZwb †MvUv MxZvÄwj Ry‡oI wek¦vm i‡P‡Qb—
# Òwec‡` †gv‡i i¶v K‡iv/ G b‡n †gvi cÖv_©bv,/ wec‡` Avwg bv †hb Kwi fq|Ó 4 ¯—eK
# Òhw` †Zvgvi †`Lv bv cvB, cÖfy,/ Gevi G Rxe‡bÓ 24 ¯—eK
# ÒcÖfy, †Zvgv jvwM AuvwL Rv‡M;/ †`Lv bv cvB/ c_ PvB,Ó 28 ¯—eK
# ÒGKwU bg¯‹v‡i, cÖfy,/ GKwU bg¯‹v‡i/ mKj †`n jywU‡q co–KÓ 148 ¯—eK
MxZvÄwj (1910); g~jZ Ava¨vwZ¥KZv Avi cigmËvi cÖwZ mgc©Y, †hLv‡b dz‡U I‡V Zvi wek¦vm hv †c‡q‡Qb cwievi bvgK KviLvbv †_‡K Ges GMy‡jv‡K Dcwbl‡`i A‡bK my›`i wg‡_¨q AjsK…Z K‡i‡Qb| Zvi †jLvq cvIqv hvq GK AZxw›`ªq cigmËv, hvi ¯úk© wZwb †`L‡Z †c‡Zb cÖvK…wZK mewKQy‡Z—
Òmviv Rxeb w`j Av‡jv m~h© MÖn Puv`
†Zvgvi Avkxe©v`, †n cÖfy, †Zvgvi Avkxe©v` \Ó
fveev`x iex›`ªbv_Õi wek¦vm m~h© MÖn Puv`— GMy‡jv AB AZxw›`ªq mËvi Avkxe©v`; †hLv‡b m‡µwZmÕi wek¦vm—¯^‡M© wZwb _vK‡eb †`eZv‡`i ms¯ú‡k© †mLv‡b iex›`ªbv_Õi †jLvq, †`eZvi wePiY nq‡Zv ¯^fveZB| `„óvš—ev`x KweZvq G-ai‡bi AccO&w³i ¯’vb †bB; Gi‡P‡q ÒZvjMvQ GKcv‡q `uvwo‡qÓ, ÒAvgv‡`i †Qv‡Uv b`xÓ (c`¨) AwaK cÖvmw½K| `„óvš—ev`x KweZv, †e`iKvwi Av‡e‡Mi bq, mywbw`©ó I cÖK…Z gb‡bi cÖqvmwm×, weky× wkíKjvi c¶cvZx|
ag©xq D‡Ï‡k¨ KweZv i‡P‡Qb— evj¥xKx, kvn gyn¤§` mMxi, †Mvjvg †gv¯—dv, diiyL Avng`—A‡b‡KB| ivg-mxZv-Avjv-†Lv`v R‡c‡Qb, wQ‡jb myweavev`x‡`i `‡j| Zv‡`i ABme D‡Ïk¨ cÖm‡½ `„óvš—ev`xiv bv‡Lvk| ÔKweZvÕi we‡klY Ôag©xqÕ KL‡bvB nÕ‡Z cv‡i bv, AwU GK c‡¶i, †MvÎ/`‡ji g~j¨evb we‡klY ch©š— wVK Av‡Q, eySv‡Z †c‡iwQ? Dc‡ii Kwe‡`i KweZvq, ivgvqY, MxZv, †e`, †Kvivb, c~ivY cÖf„wZi PwiÎvL¨v‡bi e¨envi e¨vcK, hv GKRb‡K K‡i †Zv‡j Avw`gMynve›`x[3]| evj¥xKxÕi †jLvq Av‡Q, ivg-mxZv— PwiÎMy‡jvi KL‡bvB ev¯—e Aw¯—Z¡ wQ‡jv bv, Av‡Q c„w_exi wKQy gvby‡li cÖ_vMZ wek¦vm| ZvQvov, PwiÎ Aev¯—e-KvíwbK nIqv `yó bq— mybxjÕi ÔbxivÕ, Rxebvb›`Õi ÔebjZv †mbÕ (gZv‰bK¨ _vK‡jI G-PwiÎ cÖ_vMZ wek¦vmwewKiYKvix bq) KvíwbK-A`„k¨gvb PwiÎ nIqv m‡Ë¡I, `„óvš—ev‡` Avgj‡hvM¨| KviY, cÖ_vMZ Acmvs¯‹…wZK fvev`k© cÖPv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ Zv‡`i (Kwei) wQ‡jv, †eva Kwi bv| KweZvq ivg-mxZvi e¨envi ¶wZKi, G‡Z GKRb cvVK DrmvwnZ n‡ZB cv‡ib ivgvqY-Gi cªwZ hv Zv‡K †V‡j †`‡e Avw`gZvq, Zvi †eva-wPš—v weKv‡k evav †`‡e| cÖPwjZ ag© (wKQy c‡i Gi `„óvš—ev`x msÁv Av‡Q) A‡bK wKQy‡ZB evav †`q : GLv‡b cÖKv‡k¨ Pz¤^b Kiv wb‡la (`„óvš—ev` G‡Z cÖvwYZ Ki‡Q bv!) A_P, cÖKv‡k¨ bvix‡K wPZvq †cvov‡bv Av‡`k! Avevi, †cÖg wbwl× A_P, cyiyl‡`i R‡b¨ enyweevn ¯^xK…Z (4.3)! [we‡qi ci w¯¿-al©YI ¯^xK…Z, ejv hvq! (2.223)] GBme wewa-wb‡la nvm¨Ki, fqsKi Ges A‡hŠw³K| Gme, KwZcq KygZjwe‡`i ˆZwi, cÖkœnxb-g~L©vwgc~Y©-wek¦vmhy³, gvbyl‡K †jvfx, wfZz ("Religion is based, I think, primarily and mainly upon fear." —Bertrand Russell) Avi wnsmª K‡i †Zv‡j, †K‡o †bq gbbkxjZv Ges ¯^vaxbZv| iv‡mjÕi †eva †hŠw³K, Òme ag©B ¶wZKi Ges AmZ¨Ó|
kvn gyn¤§` mMxiÕi BDmyd †Rv‡jLv Kve¨ ag©xq DcvL¨v‡bi eY©bv, Gi DcRxe¨ welq—Bmjvgx cUf~wg| AB Kve¨ bv wjL‡j evOjv KweZv½b `wi`ª _vK‡Zv bv, hw`I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW© fv‡e Gi wkíg~j¨ AZzjbxq!
†Mvjvg †gv¯—dvÕi KweZvq Bmjvgx HwZ‡n¨i cÖfve cwijw¶Z, ag©xq Abyf~wZm¤¢~Z| wZwb, me©`vB Bmjvgv`‡k©i cybc©ÖwZôvi Kv‡R Av¯—e¨¯— wQ‡jb, gyn¤§`Õi Rxebx (wek¦bex, 1942) iPbv Kiv‡K ZvB Myi`vwqZ¡ †f‡e‡Qb| Awewk¨, Zv wbPygv‡bi M‡elYvi Drcv`b|
diiyL Avng`Õi KweZv Bmjvgx RvMiY, †gŠj ag©ZË¡, mydxev`x Z¨vM-webq— Gme wb‡q| wZwb, KweZvi gva¨‡g Bmjvg cÖPv‡ii KvRUvB K‡i‡Qb—†b‡P‡b‡P (Q‡›`i K_v ejwQ)| Zvi Kvg¨ wQ‡jv K‡Vvi ga¨hyMxq Bmjvgx Rxeb e¨e¯’v cÖwZôv, Avi AB KvíwbK mËvi Rq| AvaywbK bv nÕ‡Z †c‡i n‡qwQ‡jb ga¨hyMxq; A_P, AB cvV¨cy¯—K †ev‡W©i M`©‡fiv Zv‡K †ivgvw›UK AvL¨v †`b| Avwg Zvi g‡a¨ †`wL— Lv‡j‡`i Z‡jvqvi, †ZŠwn‡`i †mbv, gyqvw¾‡bi Avhvb, wRnv‡`i (hy‡×i) cÖ¯—ywZ— †hMy‡jv AbvaywbK| Zvi mv‡_— Avnmvb nvwee, Aveyj †nv‡mb, †Mvjvg KzÏym, ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb— GivI Kó K‡i evOjv KweZvq †P‡c †P‡c XywK‡q‡Qb Acwek¦vm (evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i BwZe„Ë ; 1979; gyn¤§` Ave`yj nvB, ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb)| G‡`i g‡a¨ ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb cvZvqcvZvq i‡P‡Qb, Ô†evM`v`x mvwnZ¨Õ| AbvaywbKZv I wek¦vmPP©vi g~‡j wQ‡jb Giv| eZ©gvb †cÖ¶vc‡U mv¤úª`vwqK Abyf~wZ‡Z KvZi/Avµvš— n‡q KweZv †jLvi †Kv‡bv cÖvmw½KZv/ †hŠw³KZv Av‡Q g‡b Kwi bv| `„óvš—ev`x Kwe G-ai‡bi ag©xq Abyf~wZ‡Z Av‡kK n‡q AcZË¡[1] (DËi AvaywbKZv, DËi-AvaywbKZv) KcPvq bv, wec‡¶I †bB [†hgb : ÔbRiyj c×wZÕ, Avevi Avµvš— myKvš—, weªwUk‡`i e‡j‡Qb, Òwe‡`wk KzKzi!Ó (Òwe‡`kx KzKzi! Avevi G‡m‡Q GKz‡k b‡f¤^i|Ó; GKz‡k b‡f¤^i t 1946); weªwUkiv AZ¨vPvix—gvwb wKš—y, GKRb Kwei gvbyl‡K ÔKzKziÕ ejvi cÖeYZv _vKv AbywPZ, Zvi DwPr wQ‡jv c‡iv¶fv‡e cÖwZev` Kiv| GQvov M`¨ w`‡qI †Zv GBme Kiv hvq, KweZvi g‡Zvb welq‡K A¯¿ evbv‡bvi Kx gv‡b? GB Ki‡j KweZv‡K gb †_‡K nv‡Z-c‡_ bvwg‡q Avbv nq bv?], KviY Gi (a‡g©i) c¶vPviY Ki‡jI c„w_ex‡Z Akvwš—i AÜKvi m„wó nq, Avevi wec¶vPviY Ki‡jI PvcvwZi †Kvc †L‡Z nq| ag© weK…Z-wewµ K‡i hviv bó-ivRbxwZ K‡i Zviv (Giv ag© I ivRbxwZ bq, †ev‡S ag©-ivRbxwZ) ˆn‰P Kivi my‡hvM cvq| GKRb‡K cÖPwjZ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K AÜavwg©K-Avw¯—K n‡Z Rvbv‡kvbvi, Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †bB, wbi_©K wek¦vmB h‡_ó, wKš—y bvw¯—K¨ Gi wecÖZxc (Av‡MI e‡jwQ, `„óvš—ev` Avw¯—K¨ev`x-bvw¯—K¨ev`x `k©b, †Kv‡bvwUB bq[1])| `„óvš—ev`x KweZv, cÖPwjZ AvbyôvwbK ag©xq gvbwmKZv ewR©Z| G-`k©‡b, ag© (a„ >) : Ôe¯—yi aviYK„Z ¯^fve, cªK…wZ|Õ A`„k¨ weavZv/`„k¨gvb gvbe cÖ`Ë (hvB g‡b Kiv †nvK) c~R¨/Dcvm¨ mKj Z_vKw_Z ag© (cÖ_vMZ AvbyôvwbKZv) Ges Gi cÖ‡YZv `„óvš—ev`-G AcÖvmw½K (Irrelevant)[1]|
# ÒDov‡q giyi ev‡q wQbœ †e`-†e`v‡š—i cvZv/ e‡jwQ wckvPn‡¯— wbnZ weavZv|Ó
# ÒfMevb, fMevb, wi³ bvg Zzwg wK †KejB?Ó
# Ò†n weavZv,/ AwZµvš— kZvãxi ˆcZ…K weavZv,Ó
wZwi‡ki AvaywbK Kwe‡`i A‡b‡KB Ck¦iÕi Aw¯—‡Z¡ Awek¦vmx wQ‡jb| myax›`ªbv_ `Ë, Dc‡ii AccO&w³My‡jv iP‡jI bRiyjÕi g‡Zv ¯’yjZvi mvnvh© †bb wb| wZwb cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡iwQ‡jb Ck¦i‡K| mgKvjxb A‡b¨iv Zv Gwo‡q †M‡jI wZwb KweZvq GB A¯ú„k¨-A`„k¨ mËvi we‡ivwaZv K‡i Ae‡PZbfv‡e wb‡Ri Ges cvV‡Ki g‡b Gi Aw¯—Z¡¡ cÖwZôvB K‡i‡Qb; cO&w³My‡jv ZviB cÖqvm|
ÒAvevi Avwme wd‡i avbwmwowUi Zx‡i— GB evsjvq
nq‡Zv gvbyl bq— nq‡Zv ev k•LwPj kvwj‡Li †e‡k ;
nq‡Zv †fv‡ii KvK n‡q GB KvwZ©‡Ki bev‡bœi †`‡k
Kzqvkvi ey‡K †f‡m GKw`b Avwme G KuvVvj-Qvqvq ;
(Rxebvb›` `vk| Avevi Avwme wd‡i| i~cmx evsjv , 1957)
wPÎi~cgq KweZvwU `„óvš—ev`-Amgw_©Z| Gi cÖwZwU kã-evK¨-cO&w³ mgw_©Z, kyay D‡Ïk¨-g~jfve `„óvš—ev` Amgw_©Z| GLv‡b, wn›`y ms¯‹…wZi cÖ_vMZ wek¦vm¨ Dcv`vb—cybiy¾xe‡bi welq RvR¦j¨gvb| evOjvi cÖwZ Mfxi Uvb Abyf‡ei Kvi‡Y Kwe, wbR©xe nevi ciI GLv‡b wd‡i Avm‡eb ej‡Qb| †PZ‡b †nvK Ae‡PZ‡b †nvK, G‡Z Xy‡K †M‡Q cÖ_vMZ wek¦vm; Rxebvb›`‡K Aa©RvMÖZ e‡jB g‡b nq! cybiy¾xeb †g‡b †bqvi †Kv‡bv †hŠw³KZvB †bB| Zv Ki‡j eny nvm¨Ki-A‡hŠw³K wel‡qi mv‡_ †gvjvKvZ Ki‡Z nq|
evOjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxb hyM (650-1200; gyn¤§` knx`yjvnÕi g‡Z)-Gi Kve¨ g~jZ i~cK_v, eªZK_v, Qov, WvK I Lbvi ePb, cÖev`-cÖePb—hvi Kvwe¨Ki~c weKwkZ cÖavb `yÕwU i~‡c— c` (LÛ/MxwZKweZv), g½j(weRq)Kve¨ (AvL¨vb/Narrative)| G-m‡ei †ewk fvM G‡m‡Q fviZxq wn›`y-Avh© ms¯‹…wZi AÜwek¦vm †_‡K| me©fviZxq ms¯‹…wZi ivgvqY, gnvfviZ, fvMeZmn Ab¨vb¨ cyivY (Matter of Sanskrit, mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vqÕi g‡Z) G‡¶‡Î welq nÕ‡q D‡V‡Q, hywM‡q‡Q Kve¨v`k©-`k©b| G-mg‡qi cÖavb HwZn¨I me©fviZxq Kve¨vj¼vi, ag© `k©b| Z‡e evOvwji wbR¯^ †jŠKms¯‹…wZ, AvL¨vwqK †gŠwjK welqv`x (Matter of Bengal) cvIqv hvq— g½jKv‡e¨i (gbmv, PÊx, ag©, wke, Kvwj, kxZjv, ivq, lôx, mvi`v cÖf„wZ) DcvL¨v‡b Ges ivav-K…òÕi KvwnbxAvs‡k; hv `„óvš—ev`-Amgw_©Z| wewfbœ Abykvm‡bi GKbvqKZ¡Ñag©xq cÖwZwµqvkxjZv cvB e›`bvag©x Kv‡e¨| cvj hyM (700-1100)-Gi mgªvUiv wQ‡jb †eŠ×, G-mg‡qi Kve¨—†eŠ× †`e-†`ex I ag©-ms‡Ni e›`bv| †mb hyM (1100-1200)-Gi ivRviv wQ‡jb wn›`y, g~jZ ÔKY©vU ¶wÎqÕ| †mb hy‡Mi Kve¨ fÕ‡i †M‡Q—bvivqY, †Mvcxbv_, K…ò, wke, Dgv, j²x cÖf„wZ A¯ú„k¨-A`„k¨ wn›`y †`e-†`exi e›`bvq (evOjv mvwn‡Z¨i i~c‡iLv ; †Mvcvj nvj`vi ; 1974), hv ag©xqwek¦vm enbKvix| G-hy‡Mi Kve¨cÖeYZv wQ‡jv— †Mvôx †Kw›`ªKZv, ag©-wbf©iZv, mgvR AvbyMZ¨| Avbv‡PKvbv‡P fÕ‡i Av‡Q ag©xq fRb, Ck¦i Avi Ck¦iZzj¨ivRvi e›`bvmn Ggb A‡bK cÖ‡qvRbvZxZ welq; GMy‡jv‡K weky× wkíKjv ejv hv‡”Q bv|
evOjv mvwn‡Z¨i ga¨hyMxq (1201-1800) Kwe‡`i g~j AwfcÖvq wQ‡jv cvVK‡`i ag©‡Kw›`ªKiY, †ewkfvM wQ‡jb a‡g©vb¥v`| Zviv wkíKjv bv eyS‡jI ag©Kjv eyS‡Zb fv‡jv| nvm¨Ki GwUB, AÜKvi hy‡Mi kyiyI GB ga¨ hy‡Mi kyiy (1201) †_‡KB| evOjv mvwn‡Z¨i AÜKvi hyM Ò1201-1350Ó bv wj‡L ÔPjgvbÕ †jLv DwPr, KviY GLbI GLv‡b †jLv n‡”Q PÛx`vm, gaym~`b, diiyL-†`i AÜKviv”Qbœ †jLvi g‡Zv †jLv| Ôm„Rbkxj mvwnZ¨Õ Ki‡Z AB hy‡M †KD Kjg a‡ib wb, a‡i‡Qb mvgvwRK/ag©xq D‡Ïk¨-cÖ‡qvRb-myweav jv‡fi j‡¶ (evOjv mvwn‡Z¨i i~c‡iLv ; †Mvcvj nvj`vi ; 1974)| j¶ wQ‡jv gvbyl‡K ag©vÜ Kiv, KweZv‡K gyw³ †`qv bq|
ga¨ hyM cy‡ivUvB ag©xq DcK_v-i~cK_vi eqvb, hvi Avw` wb`k©b— eo– PÛx`vmÕi kªxK…òKxZ©b (cªK…Z/c~e© bvg kªxK…òm›`f©)| m¤úv`bvi ci emš—iÄb ivq weØØjf Gi bvg †`b— kªxK…òKxZ©b| Gi DcRxe¨ welq ivav-K…‡òi †cÖgjxjv (†hLv‡b, `vbL‡Ê, kªxK…ò gnv`vbx †e‡k wbiycvq kªxivav‡K ejc~e©K al©Y K‡ib), cÖavb PwiÎ : ivav, K…ò, eovwq; hv Aw¯—Z¡nxb, wn›`y ms¯‹…wZi †Mvov wek¦vm enbKvix| ILvb †_‡K kyiy ga¨hyMxq AÜKv‡ii, Pj‡Q—GwU `„óvš—ev`-Amgw_©Z| Z‡e Gi DcRxe¨ welq Òivav-K…òÕi †cÖgjxjvÓ (GLv‡b, kªxK…ò PwiÎ †`e‡Z¡i eovB Ki‡jI †m Avm‡j a~Z© GK MÖvg¨-j¤úU-al©K, †MvUv KxZ©‡b Zvi G-i~c ¯úó| ˆeòe c`vejx, kªxK…òweRq cÖf„wZi cÖavb Aej¤^bI AB A¯ú„k¨-A`„k¨ PwiÎ, Òivav-K…òÕi jxjv‡LjvÓ) bv n‡q Ògnxb-jxjvÕi †cÖgjxjvÓ n‡j mgw_©Z n‡Zv! KviY, G-PwiÎ `yÕwU wek¦wmZ fvev`‡k©i cÖqvm bq| gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `ËÕi †gNbv`eaKve¨Õi (1861) DcRxe¨ welqI AB ÔivgvqYÕ Kvwnbx| wZwb ivg-ivg R‡c wj‡LwQ‡jb gnvKve¨, hv `„óvš—ev`-Amgw_©Z|
diiyL Avng`Õi mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS Kv‡e¨i DcRxe¨ welq Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm-HwZn¨| ga¨hyMxq Kweiv Avw` Kwe(qvj)‡`i g‡Zv cÖ_vMZ wbq‡gB i‡P‡Qb ga¨hyMxq Kzms¯‹vi, wbg©vY Ki‡Z cv‡ib wb †Kv‡bv bZzbAwfNvZ| evOjv KweZvq c_ ev AwfNvZ wbg©vY K‡i‡Qb, Avgvi g‡Z, wn›`y Kweiv we‡kl K‡i Rxebvb‡›`iv| gymjgvb Kweiv cO&w³‡ZcO&w³‡Z wj‡L‡Qb Avie-†e`yBb, †Mvjvex mieZ, Avjv-†Lv`v— cyw_mvwnZ¨| Avi gaym~`b wKQy wbix¶v Ki‡jI Zv †Kv‡bv cÖfve †d‡j wb| Giv cÖK…Z AbvaywbK wQ‡jb, `„óvš—ev` GBme mg_©b K‡i bv| GMy‡jv bv wjL‡j evOjv KweZvi †Kv‡bv ¶wZ n‡Zv bv, wj‡LI jvf nq wb| eiO †jLvi d‡j evOjv KweZvi b`x m‡ive‡i AÜKvi I Aweky×Zv †e‡o‡Q, aŸsm n‡q‡Q KweZvi hyw³awg©Zv|
ÒKZ †h Auvavi c`©v cviv‡q †fvi nj Rvwb bv Zv|
bviw½ e‡b Kuvc‡Q meyR cvZv|
`yqv‡i †Zvgvi mvZ mvM‡ii †Rvqvi G‡b‡Q †dbv|
Zey RvM‡j bv ? Zey, Zzwg RvM‡j bv ?Ó
(diiyL Avng`| mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS| mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS ; 1944)
jvBbMy‡jv g‡b wKQyB RvMv‡Z cv‡i wb, Gi †P‡q ÒAvgv‡`i †Qv‡Uv b`xÓ A‡bK my›`i| Avwg fvwe, KweZvi KvR †hŠw³Kfv‡e Bw›`ªq‡K Awff~Z Kiv; cÖK…Z KweZv Bw›`ªqMy‡jvq `vM KvU‡eB, bv nq IwU wVK KweZv n‡e bv| G-cO&w³My‡jv g‡b †Kv‡bv `vM Kv‡U wb, Avgv‡K Gjv‡g‡jv K‡i wb, Kuvwc‡q †Zv‡j wb, Avgvi Dci e„wói g‡Zv S‡i wb, Bw›`ªqMy‡jv‡K ¯^v‡`-M‡Ü fÕ‡i †Zv‡j wb, we× K‡i wb| GgbwK GI, GKRb cvVK whwb KweZvq M~pgnË¡ bv Luy‡R Z…wß/Avb›` Luy‡R †eovb, wZwb GwU cy‡iv c‡o DV‡Z †c‡i‡Qb wKbv m‡›`n| GwU AcÖ‡qvRbxq, KweZv bq Q›`e× c`¨; KweZvi cÖwZfvmgvΗbKj K‡i‡Q KweZvi †`n‡K, Qyu‡Z cv‡i wb Aš—i‡K| GLvbKvi ZwˇKiv(!) G‡Z gnr `k©b Luy‡R cvb (ZvB `xN©w`b a‡i RvZxqfv‡e gva¨wgK ch©v‡q GwU cvV¨), wKš—y Avwg GLv‡b †Kv‡bv `k©b Luy‡R cvB wb, †c‡qwQ GKRb ga¨hyMxq BmjvgcÖPviK‡K|
AvaywbK evOjv KweZvi Kwe‡`i—Rxebvb›` `vk, myax›`ªbv_ `Ë, eyׇ`e emy, weòz †`, Awgq PµeZ©x— D™¢e weKv‡ki mgq GK AbvaywbK RbwcÖq nÕ‡q I‡Vb| wZwb RmxgD`&`xb| m¤ú~Y© AvaywbKZvi wecªZx‡c cÖ_vMZ AÜKviv”QbœZvi w`‡K nvgvMywo w`‡q‡Qb wZwb| GKB mg‡q Avaywb‡Kiv †hLv‡b KweZvq bZzbAwfNvZ iP‡Qb, †mLv‡b wZwb DËimyix nÕ‡q DV‡Qb evOjvi Avw`g Kweqvj‡`i, n‡q‡Qb cwjKwe—AbvbywaK| cwj‡K KweZvi welq Ki‡jB †KD AvbvaywbK nq bv; A‡bK cwjDcv`v‡bi e¨env‡iI AvaywbK †_‡K‡Qb Rxebvb›`| KviY, Rxeb eveyi wQ‡jv AvaywbK ms‡e`bkxjZv-gbbkxjZv, DrK…ó cÖKvkixwZ| cwjKwei wekvj wekvj c‡`¨ NyicvK †L‡q‡Q— †cÖg-wein-g„Zy¨-A‡jŠwKKZv-Kzms¯‹vi| Gm‡ei e¨enviI K‡i Zy‡j‡Qb fvev‡eMc~Y©| Zvi 118 jvB‡bi wekvj c`¨ ÒKeiÓ (ivLvjx ; 1927), †hLv‡b cybive„wË N‡U‡Q Zvi cQ‡›`i welqÑ g„Zy¨| †evSv hv‡”Q, wZwb Gfv‡e cybive„Ë K‡i †MvUv es‡ki g„Zy¨i eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡Zb, †`b wb fv‡jvB K‡i‡Qb, bq‡Zv cvVK cxwoZ †eva Ki‡Zv|
ÒgwR` nB‡Z Avhvb nuvwK‡Q eo mKiyY myi,
†gvi Rxe‡bi †ivR‡KqvgZ fvwe‡ZwQ KZ `~i|
†Rvonv‡Z `v`y †gvbvRvZ Ki, ÔAvq †Lv`v! ingvb|
†f¯— bwme KwiI mKj gZz¨-e¨w_Z-cÖvY|ÕÓ
cÖ_vMZ AZxw›`ªq welq—†ivR‡KqvgZ, †Lv`v, †f¯— GBme †Kv‡bv ev¯—e`„k¨nvwRiKvix kãPqb bq, hv wek¦vmx‡`i gb K‡i †Zv‡j fxZmš¿¯—| Zvi kãPqbcÖwµqvI AbvaywbK| cÖPwjZ kã wZwb Q‡›`i cÖ‡qvR‡b we`&Ny‡U K‡i †dj‡Zb| Awewk¨ Zvi mg‡q KweZv‡K cÖ_g nÕ‡Z n‡Zv Q‡›`ve×—c`¨, c‡i KweZv; Z‡e Zvi †ewkfvM †jLv AvU‡K †M‡Q c‡`¨, KweZv nq wb| †k‡li w`‡K Bmjvgx k‡ãi cvkvcvwk e¨envi K‡ib e¨_©Zvi cÖqvm wn‡m‡e Bs‡iwR kã| G-n‡jv evOjvi weL¨vZ‡`i Ae¯’v|
eZ©gvb (AZ¨vaywbK) evOjv Kw_Z KweZv `yÕ-ai‡bi : `vjvwj Ges MvjvMvwj| KweZvKg©xiv (Kw_Z Kweiv) `yÕfv‡M wef³| A‡b‡KB eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Qb KweZv †jLvi †P‡q `vjvwj Ges `jv`wj Kiv A‡bK mnR, A_©vr †giy`Ênxb nIqv— ÔKwe nÕ‡ZB n‡e Z‡e `vjvj n‡Z fq Kx?Õ wKš—y, `vjvwj K‡i `vjvj nIqv hvq, Kweqvj nIqv hvq, Kwe nIqv hvq bv—GUv Zv‡`i gv_v‡ZB †bB| `vjvwj-`jv`wji myweav A‡bK, Kó K‡i Avi KweZv wjL‡Z nq bv, KweZvi g‡Zv wKQy GKUv wj‡L LvwbKUv †giy`Ênxb n‡jB cÖ_g Av‡jvÕi ÔmvwnZ¨ mvgwqKxÕ, ÔKvwj I KjgÕ cÖf„wZ‡Z wbqwgZ KweZvi bv‡g Qvcv‡bv hvq KweZvi cÖwZfvm, nIqv hvq ÔRvZxq Kwe/RvwZmËvi KweÕ! mv‡_ eÜz‡`i m¤úv`bvq †Qv‡UvKvMR bvgavwi `yó cwÎKvMy‡jv †Zv Av‡QB, †h-My‡jv `k©bMZ g~j¨‡evak~b¨, eÜzeÜz †Ljvi gvV| Agi nÕ‡Z n‡e, GLvbKvi Z_vKw_Z Kwe‡`i (†ivMx‡`i) GKUvB †ivM AB Immortality| AwaKvsk mvwnZ¨ cwÎKv, cwÎKvi mvwnZ¨ cvZv Lyj‡jB KweZvi bv‡g My”QMy”QMy”QZz”Q †jLv A‡bK †`L‡Z cvB| wk‡ivbv‡gi Av‡kcv‡k †gvUv A¶‡i K‡ZvMy‡jv e¨w³bvg †MvPi nq, hv‡`i AwaKvsk AB Immortality diesis-G Avµvš—| Giv RbcwiwPZ, Z‡e G‡`i †jLv †gv‡UB RbwcÖq bq| GLvbKvi cvVK †Luv‡Rb Rbbw›`Z/ wbw›`Z ÔKweÕ (A_©vr, g‡Wj)| RbwcÖq nIqvi m~Î G-bq, GKRb KweZvKwg©i †jLv kyµev‡i cÖ_g Av‡jvÕi ÔmvwnZ¨ mvgwqKxÕ‡Z Qvcv nIqv (Awewk¨, AB ˆ`wbKMy‡jvi cuPvAv½yim`„k KvM‡R †jLv Qvwc‡q A‡b‡K wb‡R‡K weivU Kwe fve‡Z kyiy K‡ib|), †deªyAvwi‡Z Muv‡Ui UvKvq eB †ei Kiv| GK_v wVK, ÒmK‡jB Kwe bq| †KD †KD KweÓ, bv-n‡j e‡›` Avjx wgqv-I eo Kwe| wZwbI RbwcÖq, Zvi Kw_Z KweZv eQieQi cov‡bv n‡”Q †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i, A_P GMy‡jv †gvUvgywU wbægv‡bi| GKRb weP¶Y B‡”Q Ki‡jB Gi‡P‡q fv‡jv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb, †eva Kwi| Avwg, `„óvš—ev` PP©vi Dchy³Zv Luy‡R cvB GR‡b¨ †h, Kwei †P‡q KweZvi AgiZvB hyw³hy³; Aweky×-AcªK…Z KweZv KL‡bv me©Kvjxb nq bv| `~wlZ AgiZvi †P‡q weky× g„Zz¨—†kªq| evOjv KweZvi weky× AgiZv Kvg¨ Z‡e, Gi R‡b¨ evOjv KweZv‡K nÕ‡q DV‡Z n‡e weky×, wbLuyZ| Am‡PZbZv Avi `yóvbyf~wZ‡Z Aµvš— AcKweZv (AKweZv) †jLvi ciB nvwi‡q hvq| GMy‡jv, KL‡bvB me©Kvjxb nq bv, wKQyB nq bv, †jLv bv n‡jI evOjv mvwn‡Z¨i we‡kl ¶wZ n‡e bv| eiO †jLvi Kvi‡YB ¶wZ n‡”Q; `~wlZ n‡”Q evOjv KweZv½b, wcwQ‡q co‡Q wek¦mvwnZ¨v½b †_‡K| G RvZxq †jLv euvwP‡q iv‡L KwZcq AÜ I eva¨MZ cvVK Avi RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯—K †evW©| †hLv‡b KweZvi g‡Zv welq e¨eüZ nq wk¶v_©x‡`i gb fÕ‡i Zzj‡Z—b¨vq-Ab¨vq, Av‡`k-Dc‡`k, ag©vbyf~wZ, Kzms¯‹vi, bxwZK_v, cwieZ©bkxj-ivR‰bwZKZv nvweRvwe Øviv| KweZvi Acvi †mŠ›`‡h©i mv‡_ cwiwPZ Kwi‡q wk¶v_©x‡`i evOjv KweZvi cÖwZ AvK…ó Kiv G‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ †K‡bvKv‡jB wQ‡jv bv| Giv myweavcwš’, `jvbyMZ, PvUzKvi—| ZvB G‡`i cvV¨cy¯—K bv‡g KzrwmZ-`yM©Ügq eBMy‡jvi KweZv/c`¨ Ask Avi¤¢ nq cÖv_©bv/†gvbvRvZ—ai‡bi c`¨ w`‡q| KweZvi bv‡g †ewkfvM †jLvB ag©xq (ZvI Avevi Bmjvg‡Kw›`ªK, wk¶v_©xiv wK mevB gymwjg?) I ivR‰bwZK bóvbyf~wZm¤¢~Z| Ges kyiy †_‡K †kl ch©š— AcKweZv Ges c‡`¨i QovQwo| Giv KweZv Avi c‡`¨i cv_©K¨I †ev‡Sb bv; †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i KweZvwegyLx Kivi KvRUvB K‡i‡Qb G‡Zvw`b|
`„óvš—ev`x KweZv weky×-M~p wkíKjv nÕ‡q IVvi m¤¢vebv iv‡L, nÕ‡q DV‡Z cv‡i evOjv KweZvi †gŠwjK AwfNvZ mªóv| G-Kve¨`k©b my`~icÖmvix wkíKjvi c¶cvwZ, KweZv‡K AÜKvi bq Av‡jvi c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Kivi gva¨‡g gvbyl‡K m„Rbkxj hyw³ cÖqv‡m DØy×Kvix|
[1] `„óvš—ev`x `„wó‡Z KweZvi †mŠ›`‡h©vc‡fvMhvÎv—cÖ_g ce© : AbvKvw•¶Z bZzb mgm¨v| meyR Zvcm| †XD; Aóg msL¨v, ˆekvL 1416/†g 2009 (m¤úv`K : meyR Zvcm)|
[2] `„óvš—ev`x `„wó‡Z KweZvi †mŠ›`‡h©vc‡fvMhvÎv—wØZxq ce© : †mŠ›`h©, kã, Q›` ...| meyR Zvcm| k•Levm; cÖ_g el©, cÖ_g msL¨v, kªveY 1416/AMv÷ 2009 (m¤úv`K : gnxb ixqv`)|
[3] `„óvš—ev`x `„wó‡Z KweZvi †mŠ›`‡h©vc‡fvMhvÎv—wØZxq ce© : ...cO&w³, my›`i cO&w³, KweZvi Ae¯’vb I KvR| meyR Zvcm| k•Levm; wØZxq el©| wØZxq msL¨v, kªveY 1417/AMv÷ 2010 (m¤úv`K : gnxb ixqv`)|
`ª.: wbæ‡iLvw¼Z evK¨ ciewZ©‡Z M`¨wU MÖš’fyw³i c~‡e© AMÖvn¨ we‡ewPZ nÕ‡Z cv‡i|
fv`ª 1417 : †m‡Þ¤^vi 2010
k•Levm| wØZxq el©| wØZxq msL¨v| kªveY 1417 (m¤úv`K : gnxb ixqv`) Shonkhobas| Volume 2| Issue 2| August 2010 (Editor : Moheen Reeyad)
